SMART CARD SYSTEM - background 5th para #0032

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to microprocessor-based user cards, commonly known as "smart cards", and more particularly to a smart card that is capable of communicating with a variety of external devices using different protocols that are respectively associated with the various devices.

United States Patent 6,199,128 Inventors: Sarat; Jean-Marc (Belmont, CA)

“Adapted to,” “Adapted for,”
“Wherein,” and “Whereby” Clauses

Claim scope is not limited by claim language that suggests or makes optional but does not require steps to be performed, or by claim language that does not limit a claim to a particular structure. However, examples of claim language, although not exhaustive, that may raise a question as to the limiting effect of the language in a claim are:

(A) “adapted to” or “adapted for” clauses;

(B) “wherein” clauses; and

(C) “whereby” clauses.

OTHER TRANSITIONAL PHRASES

Transitional phrases such as “having” must be interpreted in light of the specification to determine whether open or closed claim language is intended.

 - the term “having” as open terminology, allowing the inclusion of other components in addition to those recited, as not creating a presumption that the body of the claim is open."

 - The transitional phrase “composed of” has been interpreted in the same manner as either “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of,” depending on the facts of the particular case.

The transitional phrases “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” define the scope of a claim with respect to what unrecited additional components or steps, if any, are excluded from the scope of the claim.

The transitional term “comprising”, which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or“ characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.